The specific factors are as follows: P – people with prediabetes; I – probiotics given orally only and unlimited types and forms; C – equal doses of placebo; and O – primary indicators of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and secondary indicators of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.