Serum levels of TNF-α were strongly correlated with the serological parameters of disease activity, such as serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibody, C-reactive protein levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and were also correlated with the clinical parameters of disease activity, such as the European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement (ECLAM) score and anemia40. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.