TLR4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The depletion of anti-inflammatory Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in T2D has been relatively consistent across studies.23,25 Here, we show a negative correlation between the abundance of Faecalibacterium in the fecal microbiota and TLR4 activation by the plasma, recently also reported for gut epithelium in an in vitro study.45 The enrichment of several members of the Coriobacteriia class (i.e., Libanicoccus, Senegalimassilia, and Slackia) in Pakistani T2D patients, uncommon in the Western populations, appears to be novel population-specific signatures.