A recent re-analysis of the studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis, associated Parolsenella catena with the development of pathology in marmosets;48 a metagenomic study in rural China reported that Libanicoccus was associated with arterial plaque buildup.49 The positive relationship between Libanicoccus/Parolsenella and TLR4 activation shown in the present study suggests a pro-inflammatory state in T2D potentially mediated by this bacterium. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.