For LPS-TLR4 signaling, LPS-binding protein (LBP) attaches to LPS and presents it to CD14 to initiate TLR4 activation; we subsequently quantified the concentrations of plasma LBP and found increased levels of LBP in T2D patients (P < .001, Figure 5d), mirroring the findings on TLR4 activation. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.