GSDMD and escherichia coli infection: Like LPS-Nig stimuli, GSDMD−/− BMDMs exhibited enhanced cleavage of pro-CASP1/11 and pro–IL-1β after poly(dA:dT) treatment, S. Typhimurium and E. coli infection, and intracellular LPS transfection in pooled samples compared with BMDMs from WT mice (Fig. 1 A and B), although GSDMD deficiency impaired pyroptosis and the release of CASP1 and IL-1β in supernatants in response to each of these stimuli (SI Appendix, Fig. S1 A–D).