To date, there is no study in CKD describing the signaling pathways blocking NFkB-activation of NRF2, but it is believed that the effect is mediated by regulation of the enzymes MuRF1 and MAFbx (atrogin-1) in the UPS; these pathways are induced in response to oxidative stress and inflammation, and improve mitochondrial function [37, 50, 51]. Here, FBXO32 is linked to chronic kidney disease.