CSF1 and neoplasm: While the specific role of ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) in the suppression of PCa with PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) dysfunction is meanwhile well known [56, 57], the tumor suppressor function of IGF1, CXCL10, HIF1A, CXCL8, and CSF1 in prostate carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated.