Six of nine upregulated microRNAs formed a Cnet plot with six target genes, and nine KEGG pathways were identified as significantly enriched: “Bladder cancer,” “Hepatitis C," “Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpes virus infection,” “Rheumatoid arthritis,” “IL‐17 signaling,” “Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor,” “HIF‐1 signaling pathway,” “TNF signaling pathway,” and “Cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction” (Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted P < 0.01; Fig. 8A). Here, TNF is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.