TNF and infection: Phage-treated group: IL-1β and TNF-α reduced in phage-treated group, either 6h prior to infection or after infection. IL-10 was increased in treated group. No difference when administered 48h after infection.Liposome-entrapped phage group: Cytokine levels displayed more significant difference compared with both control group and phage-only group. Doses at all times lead to the differences, except for dose 72h prior to infection.Both prophylactic and therapeutic dose protected lungs from neutrophil infiltration and damage.