Interestingly, NCS1 exerts similar functions as WFS1: both proteins regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and IP3R-dependent ER-Ca2+ release20,32, 33, 34 modulate neuronal morphology and neurodevelopment,49,50 mediate neuroprotection,51 and have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders beyond WS.52, 53, 54 In human fibroblasts, NCS1 knockdown impaired Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial function, demonstrating that NCS1 modulated [Ca2+]m uptake and could be a target to maintain mitochondrial function and MAM integrity. Here, WFS1 is linked to Werner syndrome.