IGHE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The diagnostic criteria of ABPA are: (1) the presence of asthma, cystic fibrosis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; (2) positive results for proximal bronchiectasis; (3) a positive AF skin prick test or AF sIgE >0.35 IU/mL; and (4) total serum IgE >417 IU/mL [16].