ENTPD1 and neoplasm: Immunofluorescence histochemistry (IFHC) revealed that vaccination with α2-3NA modified ID8 DWCTV significantly increased effector CD8 + T cells and decreased CD8 + /CD39 + exhausted T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of ID8 tumor tissues compared to the corresponding controls (Fig. 5h–j), suggesting that DWCTVs could also contribute to the anti-tumor immune effect on the local tumor.