XIAP and urinary bladder carcinoma: It has been shown that NF-κB plays a role in human cancer progression and chemoresistance [31, 32] through positive regulation of its target genes XIAP [33] and Bcl-2 [34].Levidou et al. [32]showed that nuclear expression of NF-κB correlates with histological grading and staging of bladder cancer.Sei Naito et al. found that urothelial epithelial carcinoma cells and abnormal nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β in most human bladder cancers.