TNF and infection: The biological markers that might be associated with the inflammatory response related to infection with H. pylori and CHD considered in this study were as follows: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as one of the major inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation and homocysteine as potentially pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic factor, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides as classic risk factors of CHD7–12.