Similar therapeutic effects were observed in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH),104 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),100 and steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON).62 Importantly, DNA hypermethylation of the Dlg3 gene promoter was also related to suppressing ASC apoptosis upon exposure to tFNAs.52 These merits of tFNAs further facilitate their wide applications in the biomedical field (Table 1). The gene discussed is DLG3; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.