ERBB2 and breast carcinoma: These HER2-tFNA complexes mediated the breast carcinoma cell apoptosis and inhibited their growth.110,111 The GMT8 and Gint4.T aptamers that specifically bind to U87MG-loaded tFNAs modified with paclitaxel enhanced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of U87MG cells.112 Apart from CpG and targeting aptamers, therapeutic and biosensing RNAs (microRNAs,62,112 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs),113,114 and DNAzymes64) can also be anchored on the ssDNA assembly to create functional tFNAs.