For example, activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells leads to elevated mRNA translation and mitogenic signaling69, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response was shown to mediate chemoresistance in PDAC cells108, and expression of ATF4 in fibroblasts was suggested to promote disease progression and resistance to chemotherapy in PDAC70. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and cancer.