Compared with those from controls, CD4+ T cells from PBC patients had elevated mRNA relative levels corresponding to Th1 transcription factor T-bet (2.02 [IQR 1.49, 2.82] vs 1.21 [IQR 1.02, 1.33]; P ═ 0.0006, Figure 3A), Th9 transcription factor PU.1 (4.35 [IQR 2.88, 6.24] vs 1.58 [IQR 1.02, 1.69]; P ═ 0.0001, Figure 3), Th17 transcription factor retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) (3.58 [IQR 2.37, 5.40] vs 1.60 [IQR 1.33, 1.71]; P ═ 0.0001, Figure 3C), and Th22 transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (4.00 [IQR 2.09, 6.24] vs 1.42 [IQR 1.33, 1.63]; P< 0.0001, Figure 3D). Here, SPI1 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.