TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Further, while familial cases of ALS have highlighted genes with clear associations with the disease, including TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP; TDP-43), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) [2], these account for less than 20% of all cases of ALS.