ABCB1 and Abnormal renal physiology: The studies excluded patients with active/risk of bleeding, liver and/or renal dysfunction, those pregnant or breastfeeding, patients on strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoproteins, and those using strong inducers of CYP3A4 (complete and detailed list of contraindications and patient exclusions is in Table 2) (16, 22).