In addition, more pre-clinical studies involving IL-18 regulatory steps, such as maturation by inflammasome, retention by IL-18BP or antagonism by anti-IL-18 or anti-IL-18R antibodies could open new therapeutic options for patients with metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD/NASH. This evidence concerns the gene IL18R1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.