In addition to FGFR1 and FGFR3, studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and the lipid hydroperoxidase, GPX4, could activate the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways to induce the EMT program, and IGF-1R phosphorylation in cancer cells led to the production of DTPs (145). Here, IGF1 is linked to cancer.