Some studies have reported that GPC-1 is highly expressed in multiple human cancer tissues, such as pancreatic cancer (28), breast cancer (29), glioblastoma (30), and ESCC (9), and overexpression of GPC-1 in tumor tissues was found to be associated with shorter OS in patients with PC (10, 28), ESCC (9), breast cancer (29), and glioma (11). Here, GPC1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.