TNF and infectious disease: In order to show that EVs from GES-1 infected with H. pylori cells participate in the spread of infectious disease, the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23, in GES-1 (Figure 3) and AGS cells (Supplementary Figure 2) stimulated for 24 h with EVHp- or EVHp+ were measured by RT-qPCR.