When fibroblasts were cultured in IL-1α rich CM, this led to the release of cytokines and pro-tumour factors such as IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), i.e. acquisition of an “activated CAF phenotype” which subsequently promoted cancer cell migration in Boyden chamber assays (23). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and neoplasm.