PSMA1 and cancer: Nanoparticles (NPs) are essential carriers in cancer prevention and therapy because they can be generated with unique sizes and shapes that enable them to deliver miRNAs and other chemotherapeutic agents.97 Silica, gold, and iron oxide NPs have been primarily used for miRNA delivery in cancer treatment.98 Luo et al. conjugated a PSMA-targeting ligand named PSMA-1 to gold NPs (AuNPs) and found that these PSMA-1-AuNPs showed greater uptake by PSMA-expressing PC3 cells compared to cells lacking PSMA receptors.