Thirdly, the nomogram does not include potential factors such as smoking history, PD-L1, tumor proportion score (TPS), brain metastases, bone metastases, and liver metastases that are associated with the prognosis of patients with LUAD (Yang et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020; Ni et al., 2021; Takamochi et al., 2022). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.