NFKB1 and colonic neoplasm: In colorectal cancer cells, GRg3 can induce apoptosis in the colon cancer cell line HT-29 by activating the AMP-activated proteinase signaling pathway (Liu Z et al., 2021); GRg3(s) induces apoptosis in cancer stem cells by activating the caspase-3 and, caspase-9 pathways (Han et al., 2012); Lee et al. observed that GRg3 significantly inhibited NF-KB activity, activated caspase-3, and promoted the release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium in colon cancer cell lines, thereby inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells (Lee et al., 2009).