VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: Endothelial cell dysfunction is a crucial pathophysiological factor causing atherosclerosis (Tabas et al., 2007), which results in defective endothelium, creates the pro-inflammatory state, and increases the expression of cell adhesion molecules (e.g., intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM1; vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM1; E-selectin and P-selectin).