LIF and gout: LIF is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates autoimmune responses by increasing T-cell numbers and neutrophil accumulation, and disrupts the balance of inflammasome platform activation by stimulating the release of cytokines from multiple cells, whose inflammatory effects lead to gout (Schainberg et al., 1988; Villiger et al., 1993; Janssens et al., 2015; Davis et al., 2018).