CXCR4 and prostate cancer: Our data presented here have clearly revealed that Gβγ, PI3Kγ and ARF1 mediate ERK1/2 activation by OR51E2 in prostate cancer cells, which are highly consistent with our previous studies on CXCR4-medited ERK1/2 activation (Khater et al., 2021a; Khater et al., 2021b).