MDM2 and glioma: Furthermore, upregulation of PTEN and TP53 mRNA levels in glioma cells was observed following treatment with ParvD compared to untreated control (Figure 6), perhaps indicating an inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through upregulation of PTEN mRNA levels and subsequent inhibition of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) activity and restoration of p53 levels (Pearson and Regad, 2017).