TNF and neoplasm: TAMs affects tumor progression from the following aspects: 1) TAMs produces various factors such as pro-angiogenic factors [e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)], TNF, TGF-β, chemokines (CXCL8 and CXCL12) and thymidine phosphorylase, which promote the generation of vascular networks in TME through recruitment and activation of endothelial cells or other cells (e.g., fibroblasts or pericytes) (Cassetta and Pollard 2018).