Cancer cells, activated T cells and tumor-associated stromal cells express cytokines such as VEGF, TGF-β, and PGE2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNFα, which might cooperatively disrupt myeloid cell maturation, promote the differentiation toward MDSCs, and enhancing MDSCs activation in the TME (Safarzadeh et al., 2018). Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.