MIF and cancer: Upon binding to the receptors, MIF inhibits p53 expression and activates various signaling pathways (JNK-cJun, PI3K-AKT pathways, etc.)to promote cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis and immune suppression, leading to accelerate cancer development (Lue et al., 2007; Lue et al., 2007; Brock et al., 2014).