CXCL1 and infection: Infection, trauma, ischemia, and toxins increase levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CCL1), CCL5 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1).