Although the association between dietary BCAA and CVD risk among individuals with type 2 diabetes has not been reported, several studies have demonstrated the effect of dietary BCAA on metabolic biomarkers (e.g., TG, SBP, insulin, and HOMA-IR), obesity, type 2 diabetes, and CVD risk or mortality (Supplementary Tables 1, 2). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.