TNF and infectious otitis media: The post-antibiotic gavage of A. muciniphila significantly elevated the levels of IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12 (p40), IL-17A, KC, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the AOM/DSS + Abx + Akk group in comparison to the AOM/DSS + Abx group (Figure 3E and Supplementary Table 3).