ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Variables, such as gender, BUN level, BMI, age, sodium levels, health status, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, serum creatinine levels, low SBP, chronic obstructive lung disease, NYHA (New York Heart Association) classification, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), smoking, not receiving ACEIs/ARBs (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers), and not receiving beta-blockers, have been reported to explain the predictive model (25, 44).