HDAC9 and brain infarction: HDAC inhibition promotes the downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, iNOS, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and IL-6, and up-regulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) genes in activated microglia, both in vivo and vitro. The up-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes promotes neuronal survival, reduction in brain infarct volume, and suppression of microglia activation (M1) which shows the neuroprotective abilities of HDAC inhibitors (Kim et al., 2007; Patnala et al., 2017).