A number of studies have suggested that betaine is hepatoprotective and could ameliorate liver injury in animal models of ALD and NAFLD through a number of molecular mechanisms, including enhancing hepatic triglyceride export and oxidization, reduction of oxidative and ER stresses, prevention of inflammatory response, improvement of insulin resistance, promotion of transmethylation reactions and modulation of epigenetic modification. This evidence concerns the gene INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.