EPRS1 and bacterial infectious disease: These findings suggest that TLR/PI3K/AKT-activated EPRS1 phosphorylation at Ser999 directs the first line of anti-inflammatory immune defense against inflammatory signals, including bacterial infection, while IFNγ-mediated EPRS1 phosphorylation at Ser999 shapes translational fine tuning to protect cells from inflammation and injury in the presence of persistent inflammatory stimuli.