CCL5 and neoplasm: STAT6 has been reported to regulate FOS and JUN, further contributing to tumor progression.50–52 In addition, the FOS and JUN TFs regulate downstream chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL5, IL6, and TGFB1,53 all of which showed significantly positive correlation with immune scores at the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 5f, g; Supplementary information, Fig. S8g).