TF and neuroendocrine neoplasm: PitNET is the most common neuroendocrine tumor and one of the most common intracranial tumors, leading to severe clinical manifestations.3 While treatments include surgery, radiotherapy and medication, the management of frequently recurrent aggressive PitNET (i.e., refractory PitNET) remains clinically challenging.4 According to the WHO 2017 classification, PitNETs can be categorized into ten subtypes based on IHC of TF markers and hormone expression.