Although CD34-positive cells have been reported in gliosarcoma and giant cell variant of glioblastoma, or non-neoplastic glioneuronal hamartias or hamartomas, they are particularly represented in low-grade or developmental brain tumors, such as GNT (GG/DNT), pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), and so on, all of which are interestingly associated with chronic epilepsy3–5,10. This evidence concerns the gene CD34 and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.