TNF and cancer: We performed functional annotation for the core promoter mutated genes and observed that the affected genes were enriched with multiple functional pathways relevant to cancer development, such as ‘Response to tumor necrosis factor’, ‘Cell population proliferation’, ‘Negative regulation of cell migration’, ‘Positive regulation of reproductive process’, ‘Response to growth factor’, ‘Inflammatory response’, ‘Regulation of vasoconstriction’, ‘Regulation of cell differentiation’ and ‘Chemotaxis’ (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 4).