TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: We then assessed the release of important cytokines [TNF-α, IL-13, IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, TNF-β, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-12p70, a proliferation-including ligand (APRIL), B cell–activating factor (BAFF), and CD40 ligand (CD40L)] for both SLE pathogenesis and B cell growth in IFN-α–treated B cells with or without ATRi.