It activates TGF-β1/Smad3, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β1/PI3-Akt, and other signaling pathways in renal cells, which induce epithelial interstitial transformation, podocyte apoptosis, proximal tubular cell injury, and other renal lesions, ultimately inducing DN (9). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule.