The phenotypes investigated in the 105 studies also captured a broad range, including grading (18), distinctive cancer-specific phenotypes such as epithelial cell adhesion molecules in the liver and lymph node status in breast cancer (16), cancer vs. non-cancer (12), metastasis status or localization (12), subtypes (9), survival status or time (7), mutation of genes or receptor (6), treatment effect (4), tumor localization (4), remission or relapse (3), progression (1), and 13 others (Supplementary Sheets S2). Here, EPCAM is linked to neoplasm.