TGFB1 and Cognitive impairment: The underlying mechanism may be that the upregulated TGF-β promoted the generation of astrocytes, contributing to cognitive impairment through the angiotensin-type 1 receptor-mediated signaling pathway, and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor may reverse the adverse effect of TGF-β in astrocytes (Ongali et al., 2018).