BF-M/H intervention decreased both protein (Figures 6A,B) and mRNA (Figures 7A,B) levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the femoral arteries of rats with TAO, thus decreasing the stimulation of endothelial cells by HMGB1 and thereby reducing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression (Figures 6C,D). Here, VCAM1 is linked to thromboangiitis obliterans.