AGT and chronic kidney disease: In addition, it has been demonstrated that vascular smooth muscle NADPH oxidase is activated by Ang II and subsequently increases vascular ROS levels (Griendling et al., 1994), with the NADPH p47 (phox) subunit being probably one of the most important oxidation sources in the vasculature that is also upregulated by Ang II (Touyz et al., 2005); a finding which has been evident with the increased aortic expression of p47 phox toward ESRD in a CKD rat model (Ameer et al., 2015).