PARP1 and cancer: In 2021, Niu and coworkers conducted an integrated VS protocol of pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking to identify a new dual tubulin/PARP-1 inhibitor (called TP-3) that displayed superior in vitro antiproliferative activities against human cancer cells, such as breast, liver, ovarian, and cervical cancers, and in vivo antitumor activity in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model (Zheng et al., 2021).