CALR and COVID-19: Studies have shown that within COVID-19 patients, known AAbs associated with autoimmune diseases, including but not limited to, anti-cardiolipin, anti-SSA/Ro and anti-nuclear antibody (Zhou et al., 2020a; Vlachoyiannopoulos et al., 2020) are increased, indicating a breaking of immune tolerance (the mechanisms which regulate responses and ensure immune cells do not attack self).