TNF and Hypoalbuminemia: For example, hypoalbuminemia is associated with inflammation and synthesis of albumin is suppressed by pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and Interleukin-1 (Dinarello, 1984; Perlmutter et al., 1986), both of which are important mediators of chronic inflammation in PWH (Deeks et al., 2013; De Pablo-Bernal et al., 2014).