Of note, in the high-risk subgroups of HCC, including men, people aged ≥ 60 years, subjects with abnormal ALT levels, and those carrying the risk alleles of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TM6SF2 rs58542926, we observed a linear relationship between alcohol use and HCC risk, even in those mainly drinking wine. Here, PNPLA3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.